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1.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 46(5): 454-459, maio 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-675670

ABSTRACT

A low concentration of nitric oxide associated with a high concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) can explain the lack of ischemic cardioprotection observed in the presence of hypercholesterolemia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on ischemic pre- and postconditioning and its correlation with plasma concentrations of ADMA. Male Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old) fed a 2% cholesterol diet (n = 21) for 8 weeks were compared to controls (n = 25) and were subjected to experimental myocardial infarction and reperfusion, with ischemic pre- and postconditioning. Total cholesterol and ADMA were measured in plasma before the experimental infarct and the infarct area was quantified. Weight, total cholesterol and plasma ADMA (means ± SE; 1.20 ± 0.06, 1.27 ± 0.08 and 1.20 ± 0.08 vs 0.97 ± 0.04, 0.93 ± 0.05 and 0.97 ± 0.04 µM) were higher in animals on the hypercholesterolemic diet than in controls, respectively. Cardioprotection did not reduce infarct size in the hypercholesterolemic animals (pre: 13.55% and post: 8% compared to 7.95% observed in the group subjected only to ischemia and reperfusion), whereas infarct size was reduced in the animals on a normocholesterolemic diet (pre: 8.25% and post: 6.10% compared to 12.31%). Hypercholesterolemia elevated ADMA and eliminated the cardioprotective effects of ischemic pre- and postconditioning in rats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Arginine/analogs & derivatives , Hypercholesterolemia/blood , Myocardial Infarction/etiology , Arginine/blood , Cholesterol, Dietary , Cholesterol/blood , Disease Models, Animal , Hypercholesterolemia/complications , Hypercholesterolemia/pathology , Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial , Myocardial Infarction/metabolism , Myocardial Infarction/pathology , Rats, Wistar
2.
Rev. bras. cardiol. (Impr.) ; 26(3): 213-220, mai.-jun. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-704390

ABSTRACT

A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica complexa cujo tratamento farmacológico consiste no uso de fármacos inibidores da ECA, BRA, betabloqueadores, diuréticos e antagonistas da aldosterona. Dentre os fármacos com atividade inotrópica, para uso na IC em fase crônica, o fármaco de eleição é a digoxina; já na IC descompensada são utilizados a dobutamina e a milrinona. A farmacocinética é a ciência que estuda a absorção, distribuição, biotransformação e excreção de fármacos; quando inserida na prática clínica, apresenta como hipótese fundamental a relação que existe entre os efeitos farmacológicos do fármaco e sua concentração no sangue ou no plasma. O estabelecimento de esquemas terapêuticos racionais de fármacos é feito apartir de seus parâmetros farmacocinéticos como biodisponibilidade, volume de distribuição, clearance e tempo de meia-vida, que podem ser modificados por inúmeros fatores. Neste estudo revisou-se a farmacocinética da digoxina, dobutamina e milrinona,avaliando-se as alterações de seus parâmetros farmacocinéticos em função de fatores como idade, sexo, presença de IC e interações medicamentosas. Este conhecimento aplicado aos diferentes grupos de indivíduos contribuirá para a racionalização da terapia, aproximando-se de um esquema terapêutico individualizado.


Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome whose pharmacological treatment includes the useof ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, diuretics and aldosterone antagonists. Among drugs with inotropic activity, the drug of choice for use in chronic phase HF is digoxin, while dobutamine and milrinone are used for decompensated HF. Pharmacokinetics is the science studying the absorption, distribution,biotransformation and excretion of drugs. When inserted into clinical practice, its fundamental hypothesis is the relationship between the pharmacological effects of a drug and its concentration in the blood or plasma. The establishment of rational drug regimens is achieved through their pharmacokinetic parameters, such asbioavailability, distribution volume, clearance rate and half-life, which can be modified by count less factors. This study reviews the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, dobutamine and milrinone, assessing changes in their pharmacokinetic parameters that depend on factors such as age, gender, presence of HF and drug interactions. Applied to different groups of individuals, this knowledge will contribute to the rationalization of treatment, moving towards individualized regimens.


Subject(s)
Cardiotonic Agents/administration & dosage , Pharmacokinetics , Heart Failure/complications , Heart Failure/mortality , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality
3.
São Paulo; s.n; 2009. [109] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-587185

ABSTRACT

O pré e pós-condicionamento isquêmico são fenômenos cardioprotetores que limitam o dano tecidual no infarto agudo do miocárdio. Seus efeitos benéficos ocorrem através da ativação de complexas vias sinalizadoras intracelulares, que têm a inibição da formação do poro de transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial como efetor final comum. A presença de fatores de risco, como a hipercolesterolemia, pode interferir nos resultados finais quando se lança mão de tais medidas cardioprotetoras. Entretanto, há na literatura achados contraditórios que não mostram interferência do colesterol elevado sobre a cardioproteção do pré-condicionamento isquêmico. No pós-condicionamento isquêmico, mais recentemente descrito, as primeiras evidências também mostram resultados conflitantes, que carecem de mais estudos. A baixa disponibilidade do óxido nítrico presente na hipercolesterolemia está associada a níveis elevados de dimetilarginina assimétrica, um inibidor da óxido nítrico sintetase, e pode ser o responsável por abolir os benefícios de ambas as medidas cardioprotetoras aqui estudadas. Procuramos, neste trabalho, avaliar a influência da hipercolesterolemia sobre o pré e pós-condicionamento isquêmico, e correlacionar os níveis de colesterol total e dimetilarginina assimétrica com o tamanho do infarto do miocárdio experimental em ratos anestesiados. Nós encontramos um maior tamanho do infarto nos animais hipercolesterolêmicos apesar do uso destas medidas cardioprotetoras.


Ischemic pre and postconditioning are cardioprotective phenomena that limit heart tissue damage in acute myocardial infarction. Its beneficial effects occur through the activation of complex intracellular signaling pathways, which have the inhibition of the formation of the mitochondria permeability transition pore as common final effector. The presence of risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia may interfere with final results when it makes use of such cardioprotective measures. However, there are contradictory findings in the literature which show no interference of high cholesterol on cardioprotection of ischemic preconditioning. In ischemic postconditioning, more recently described, the initial evidences also shows conflicting results, which require further studies. The low availability of nitric oxide present in hypercholesterolemia is associated with high levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, and may be responsible for removing the benefits of both cardioprotective measures studied here. The objective of our study was to assess the effect of hypercholesterolemia on ischemic pre and postconditioning and correlate the levels of total cholesterol and asymmetric dimethylarginine with the size of experimental myocardial infarction in anesthetized rats. We found a larger myocardial infarction in the hypercholesterolemic animals despite the use of these cardioprotective measures.


Subject(s)
Animals , Guinea Pigs , Rats , Cardiotonic Agents , Hypercholesterolemia , Nitric Oxide , Rats , Risk Factors
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